Difference between revisions of "Os04g0271200"

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*SRT702 resides predominantly at the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacts with a small number of protein complexes mainly involved in energy metabolism and metabolite transport.SRT702 is important in fine-tuning mitochondrial energy metabolism.<ref name="ref4" />
 
*SRT702 resides predominantly at the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacts with a small number of protein complexes mainly involved in energy metabolism and metabolite transport.SRT702 is important in fine-tuning mitochondrial energy metabolism.<ref name="ref4" />
 +
 +
*Sir2 silences chromatin, enables DNA repair, and is involved in chromosome fidelity during meiosis (Blander and Guarente 2004). Sir2 promotes longevity by suppressing the formation of toxic extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) in yeast.<ref name="ref10" />
 +
 +
*The Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog sir-2.1 also extends worm lifespan, but by a distinct mechanism.Sir-2.1 requires the worm forkhead protein DAF-16 for lifespan extension .<ref name="ref11" />
 +
 +
*While earlier models suggested sir-2.1 might function by down-regulating insulin signaling, more recent findings show that sir-2.1 binds to DAF-16, activating it directly. Moreover, sir-2.1 does not respond to changes in insulin signaling, but, rather, is activated by stress treatments, such as heat shock and oxidative damage <ref name="ref12" />
 +
 +
[[File:1-s2.0-S1367593105001079-gr1.gif|right|thumb|360px|1-s2.0-S1367593105001079-gr1.'']]
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<br />Proposed functions of yeast Sir2 and of mammalian SIRT1. (a) Yeast Sir2 histone deacetylation and silencing function. Acetyl-CoA-dependent histone acetyltransferases acetylate histones leading to transcriptional activation. The NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sir2 deacetylates histones and creates transcriptional silent chromatin. Nicotinamide is a product of the reaction and is a potent inhibitor of Sir2. OAADPr is a novel metabolite generated during deacetylation and may function in linked cellular pathways. An NAD+ salvage pathway depletes nicotinamide and funnels NAD+ to Sir2. (b) General chemical reaction catalyzed by sirtuins. Human SIRT1 is depicted with several reported acetylated protein targets and the pathways affected.<br />
  
 
===Expression===
 
===Expression===
*SRT701 is a widely expressed nuclear protein with higher levels in rapidly dividing tissues.  
+
*Several genes were found to have a specific expression pattern. For instance, HDA710 was more expressed in germinating and young seedlings as well as in stamens, whereas HDA703 was highly expressed in calli and in imbibed seeds. HAD714 and HDA706 were found to be mainly expressed in shoots and leaves, whereas HDA716 showed a strong expression in developing endosperm and germinating seeds. The leaf/shoot specificity of HDA714 is consistent with its protein localization in chloroplasts and mitochondria <ref name="ref6" /> , suggesting that this HDAC may play a role in plant specific functions. Three groups of closely related genes (group 1: HDA705, HDA702, HDA709, HDA710 and HDA711; group 2: HDA704 and HDA713; group 3: HDT701 and HDT702) showed a very similar expression pattern with a relatively high level in developing panicles and calli. However, the expression patterns of the two members of the Sir2-like HDACs, SRT701 and SRT702 were found to be different. The two proteins are likely to have distinct functions, as SRT701 (OsSRT1) is nuclear localized and is shown to be involved in histone H3K9 deacetlyation required for transposon repression in rice<ref name="ref7" />, whereas SRT702 is recently shown to be localized in the mitochondria. <ref name="ref6" />
 +
 
 +
*Two genes (HDA703 and HDA710) are induced, while nine others (i.e. HDA701, HDA702, HDA704, HDA705, HDA706, HDA712, HDA714, HDA716, HDT701 and HDT702) are clearly repressed by drought and salt,Two additional genes (HDA709 and SRT702) are induced by drought, but repressed by salt. However, cold treatment seemed to have less impact on rice HDAC gene expression. Abscisic acid (ABA) is the major plant hormone in water stress signaling and regulates water balance and osmotic stress tolerance.<ref name="ref8" />
 +
 
 +
*SRT701 is a widely expressed nuclear protein with higher levels in rapidly dividing tissues.<ref name="ref3" />
 +
 
 +
*It has highest levels in active cell dividing organs/tissues. Down-regulation of SRT701 by RNAi induced lesion mimic cell death and precocious senescence, whereas overexpression showed tolerance to oxidative stress. <ref name="ref3" />
 +
 
 +
*Cell death was induced in OsSRT1 RNAi plants. Cell death in the SRT701 RNAi plants also resembled hypersensitive response-mediated PCD. Either both types of PCD were induced by SRT701 down-regulation, or different triggers of PCD may be interdependent in plants and the downstream effectors of PCD may be shared among different pathways.<ref name="ref3" />
 +
 
 +
*Western-blot analysis of enriched histone fractions detected a decrease of H3K9 acetylation in overexpression plants (Fig. 6B). The overexpression plants showed no particular visible or morphological phenotype. However, when treated with paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridylium), an herbicide that induces oxidative stresses in plants, the overexpression plants showed an enhanced tolerance compared to the wild type, as demonstrated by fewer and smaller lesions observed on the overexpression plants than the wild type.<ref name="ref1" />
 +
 
 +
[[File:small.gif|right|thumb|360px|small''<ref name="ref1" />'']]
 +
<br />Expression profiles of OsSRT1. A, Northern hybridization detection of OsSRT1 mRNA in different rice tissues or developmental stages. Actin transcripts were detected as controls. B, Nuclear localization of the OsSRT1-GFP fusion. Top, Onion skin cells transfected with OsSRT1-GFP photographed under a confocal microscope at 488 nm (left) and merged with the transmission image (right). Bottom, GFP alone.<br />
 +
[[File:F1.medium.gif|right|thumb|360px|F1.medium.''<ref name="ref5" />'']]
 +
<br />Neighbor-joining tree of SIR2-related proteins from eukaryotes. Abbreviations are as follows (in parentheses): Arabidopsis (at), Caenorhabditis elegans (ce), Drosophila melanogaster (dm), Homo sapiens (hs), rice (os), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (sc), Schizosaccharomyces pombe (sp), wheat (ta), and maize (zm). Four subclasses are indicated.<br />
  
*It has highest levels in active cell dividing organs/tissues. Down-regulation of SRT701 by RNAi induced lesion mimic cell death and precocious senescence, whereas overexpression showed tolerance to oxidative stress.  
+
[[File:F6.small.gif|left|thumb|360px|F6.small.''<ref name="ref1" />'']]
 +
<br />Overexpression of OsSRT1 conferred tolerance to paraquat treatment. A, Northern-blot analysis of OsSRT1 overexpression in different transgenic lines compared to the wild type. The 18S ribosomal RNA levels were revealed as controls. B, Western-blot analysis of enriched histone fractions from pooled samples of the overexpression plants with antibodies against acetylated histone H3K9. C, Comparison of overexpression plants with wild-type ones challenged by 10 μM paraquat. D, Comparison of leaves from overexpression and wild type treated with or without 10 μM paraquat. <br />
  
*Cell death was induced in OsSRT1 RNAi plants. Cell death in the SRT701 RNAi plants also resembled hypersensitive response-mediated PCD. Either both types of PCD were induced by SRT701 down-regulation, or different triggers of PCD may be interdependent in plants and the downstream effectors of PCD may be shared among different pathways.
+
[[File:1-s2.0-S0006291X09015459-gr1.jpg|left|thumb|360px|1-s2.0-S0006291X09015459-gr1.''<ref name="ref2" />'']]
 +
<br />Expression analysis of the rice HDAC genes. Upper: A hierarchical cluster display of relative expression levels of the rice HDAC genes in 33 samples representing different organs or tissues at different developmental stages of the Minghui 63 cultivar. 1–5: Calli at different induction stages from cultured embryos. 6: Plumule at 48 h after emergence in the dark. 7: Plumule at 48 h after emergence in the light. 8: Radical at 48 h after emergence in the dark. 9: Radical at 48 h after emergence in the light. 10: 72 h imbibed seed. 11: Embryo and radicle after germination. 12: Seedling leaves and roots at three-leaf stage. 13: Shoots of seedlings with two tillers. 14: Roots of seedlings with two tillers. 15: Stem at day 5 before heading. 16: Stems at heading stage. 17: Leaves from plants at young panicle stage 3. 18: Leaves at young panicle stage 7. 19: Flag leaves at day 5 before heading. 20: Flag leaf at day 14 after heading. 21: Sheaths at young panicle stage 3. 22: Sheaths at young panicle stage 7. 23 : Hulls one day before flowering. 24: Stamens one day before flowering. 25: Young panicle at stage 3. 26: Young panicles at stage 4. 27: Young panicles at stage 5. 28: Panicles at stage 7. 29: Panicles at heading stage. 30: Spikelets, 3 days after pollination. 31: Endosperm, 7 days after pollination. 32: Endosperm, 14 days after pollination. 33: Endosperm, 21 days after pollination. Lower: Expression changes of HDAC genes responding to abiotic stresses including drought, salt and cold in seven-day-old light-grown seedlings. Color bar at the base represents log2 expression values: green, representing low expression; black, medium expression; red, high expression.
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 +
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<br />
  
 
===Evolution===
 
===Evolution===
 +
*Silent information regulator (Sir) proteins regulate lifespan in multiple model organisms. In yeast, an extra copy of the SIR2 gene extends replicative lifespan by 50%, while deleting Sir2 shortens lifespan<ref name="ref9" />.
 +
 +
*Plant histone deacetylases (HDAC)can be grouped into four classes. Among them, three have primary homology to three yeast HDAC groups: RDP3, HDA1 and SIR2.During the last years, HDAC function has been most studied in Arabidopsis.<ref name="ref2" />
 +
 +
*The function of SIR2 family HDACs was first been investigated in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis genome encodes two SIR2 family HDACs: SRT1 and SRT2. SRT2 resides predominantly at the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacts with a small number of protein complexes mainly involved in energy metabolism and metabolite transport<ref name="ref3" />.
 +
 +
*SRT701(OsSRT1), one of the two SIR2-related genes found in rice, has been studied in Huang et al and proved its' function<ref name="ref1" />, while SRT702's function has been studied in Arabidopsis.<ref name="ref4" />
 +
 +
*Mechanistically, ADP-ribosylation and deacetylation reactions by sirtuins are similar because they cleave NAD in each reaction cycle.<ref name="ref13" />
 +
[[File:F1.small.gif]]
 +
<br />Sirtuin deacetylation and ADP-ribosylation reactions. Both deacetylation and ADP-ribosylation occur via cleavage of NAD to release nicotinamide.
 +
 +
*Mitochondria are central hubs of energy metabolism in plants and animals. In addition to a fine-tuned mitochondria-to-nuclear signaling that regulates transcription of nuclear gene expression,<ref name="ref14" /> posttranslational modifications of proteins are thought to be essential for the regulation of central metabolic pathways and thus determine the plasticity of plant metabolism.<ref name="ref15" /> In mammalian mitochondria, the regulation of metabolic functions by posttranslational Lys acetylation of proteins was recently discovered to be of great importance.<ref name="ref16" /> Lys acetylation can have a strong impact on the biochemical function of proteins as the transfer of the acetyl group to Lys masks the positive charge, which is known to be important in many catalytic centers of enzymes, as well as for protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. In plants, Lys acetylation was, until recently, mainly thought to occur on histone proteins as regulatory mechanism for transcription and chromatin functions.<ref name="ref17" />However, several central metabolic enzymes of diverse subcellular compartments were recently discovered to be Lys acetylated in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and in vitro deacetylation tests confirmed that Lys acetylation affects enzyme activities and protein functions.<ref name="ref18" />
  
Plant histone deacetylases (HDAC)can be grouped into four classes. Among them, three have primary homology to three yeast HDAC groups: RDP3, HDA1 and SIR2.During the last years, HDAC function has been most studied in Arabidopsis.<ref name="ref2" />
+
*Generally, protein acetyltransferases and deacetylases are known to catalyze the reversible modification of the εN-group of Lys. In addition to the classical family of histone deacetylases, a second family of protein deacetylases exists, namely the sirtuins, which are conserved across bacteria, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), plants, and animals.<ref name="ref19" /> Sirtuins catalyze an NAD+-dependent deacetylation of acetyl-Lys in proteins and thereby produce a deacetylated Lys, as well as the metabolites nicotinamide and 2′-O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. Sirtuins have recently emerged as key regulators of life span, cell survival, apoptosis, and metabolism in different heterotrophic organisms.<ref name="ref20" />
The function of SIR2 family HDACs was first been investigated in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis genome encodes two SIR2 family HDACs: SRT1 and SRT2. SRT2 resides predominantly at the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacts with a small number of protein complexes mainly involved in energy metabolism and metabolite transport<ref name="ref3" />. After that, SRT701(OsSRT1), one of the two SIR2-related genes found in rice, has been studied in Huang et al and proved its' function<ref name="ref1" />, while SRT702's function has been studied in Arabidopsis.<ref name="ref4" />
 
  
 
==Labs working on this gene==
 
==Labs working on this gene==
Line 45: Line 91:
 
<ref name="ref3">Liu, X., et al., Transcriptional repression by histone deacetylases in plants. Mol Plant, 2014. 7(5): p. 764-72.</ref>
 
<ref name="ref3">Liu, X., et al., Transcriptional repression by histone deacetylases in plants. Mol Plant, 2014. 7(5): p. 764-72.</ref>
 
<ref name="ref4">Konig, A.C., et al., The Arabidopsis Class II Sirtuin Is a Lysine Deacetylase and Interacts with Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism. Plant Physiology, 2014. 164(3): p. 1401-1414.</ref>
 
<ref name="ref4">Konig, A.C., et al., The Arabidopsis Class II Sirtuin Is a Lysine Deacetylase and Interacts with Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism. Plant Physiology, 2014. 164(3): p. 1401-1414.</ref>
</references>
+
<ref name="ref5">Pandey R, Muller A, Napoli CA, Selinger DA, Pikaard CS, Richards EJ, Bender J, Mount DW, Jorgensen RA (2002) Analysis of histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase families of Arabidopsis thaliana suggests functional diversification of chromatin modification among multicellular eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 5036–5055</ref>
 
+
<ref name="ref6">P.J. Chung, Y.S. Kim, S.H. Park, B.H. Nahm, J.K. Kim
 +
Subcellular localization of rice histone deacetylases in organelles
 +
FEBS Lett., 583 (2009), pp. 2249–2254</ref>
 +
<ref name="ref7">L. Huang, Q. Sun, F. Qin, C. Li, Y. Zhao, D.X. Zhou
 +
Down-regulation of a SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR2-related histone deacetylase gene, OsSRT1, induces DNA fragmentation and cell death in rice
 +
Plant Physiol., 144 (2007), pp. 1508–1519</ref>
 +
<ref name="ref8">L. Xiong, K.S. Schumaker, J.K. Zhu
 +
Cell signaling during cold, drought, and salt stress
 +
Plant Cell, 14 (Suppl.) (2002), pp. S165–S183</ref>
 +
<ref name="ref9">Haigis M.C., Guarente L.P. (2006). Mammalian sirtuins: emerging roles in physiology, aging, and calorie restriction. Genes Dev. 20, 2913–2921.</ref>
 +
<ref name="ref10">Sinclair, D.A., Guarente, L.(1997) Extrachromosomal rDNA circles—A cause of aging in yeast. Cell 91:1033–1042.</ref>
 +
<ref name="ref11">Tissenbaum, H.A., Guarente, L.(2001) Increased dosage of a sir-2 gene extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans Nature 410:227–230. </ref>
 +
<ref name="ref12">Berdichevsky, A., Viswanathan, M., Horvitz, H.R., Guarente, L.(2006) C. elegans SIR-2.1 interacts with 14–3–3 proteins to activate DAF-16 and extend life span. Cell 125:1165–1177.</ref>
 +
<ref name="ref13">Grubisha, O., Smith, B.C., Denu, J.M.(2005) Small molecule regulation of Sir2 protein deacetylases. FEBS J. 272:4607–4616.</ref>
 +
<ref name="ref14">Rhoads DM, Subbaiah CC (2007) Mitochondrial retrograde regulation in plants. Mitochondrion 7: 177–194 </ref>
 +
<ref name="ref15"> Hartl M, Finkemeier I (2012) Plant mitochondrial retrograde signaling: post-translational modifications enter the stage. Front Plant Sci 3: 253</ref>
 +
<ref name="ref16"> Newman JC, He W, Verdin E (2012) Mitochondrial protein acylation and intermediary metabolism: regulation by sirtuins and implications for metabolic disease. J Biol Chem 287: 42436–42443 </ref>
 +
<ref name="ref17">Hollender C, Liu Z (2008) Histone deacetylase genes in Arabidopsis development. J Integr Plant Biol 50: 875–885 </ref>
 +
<ref name="ref18">Finkemeier I, Laxa M, Miguet L, Howden AJ, Sweetlove LJ (2011) Proteins of diverse function and subcellular location are lysine acetylated in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 155: 1779–1790</ref>
 +
<ref name="ref19">Hollender C, Liu Z (2008) Histone deacetylase genes in Arabidopsis development. J Integr Plant Biol 50: 875–885 </ref>
 +
<ref name="ref20"> Sauve AA (2010) Sirtuins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1804: 1565–1566</ref>
 
==Structured Information==
 
==Structured Information==
 
{{JaponicaGene|
 
{{JaponicaGene|

Latest revision as of 08:01, 10 June 2014

Os04g0271200 is reported as SRT701and SRT702.

Annotated Information

Function

  • Histone modifications including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and others are shown to play an important role in chromatin function and gene regulation. The homeostatic balance of nucleosomal histone acetylation is maintained by antagonistic action of histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC). Plant HDAC can be grouped into four classes. Among them, three have primary homology to three yeast HDAC groups: RDP3, HDA1 and SIR2.[1]
  • The SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR2 (SIR2) family proteins are NAD +-dependent histone deacetylases. Sir2 is involved in chromatin silencing at the mating-type loci, rDNA, and telomeres in yeast and is associated with lifespan extension in yeast, worms, and flies, but also in a broader range of additional functions[1].
  • The SIR2 family has two members in rice: SRT701 and SRT702.[2]
  • The two proteins are likely to have distinct functions, as SRT701 (OsSRT1) is nuclear localized and is shown to be involved in histone H3K9 deacetlyation required for transposon repression in rice[1], whereas SRT702 is recently shown to be localized in the mitochondria.[3]
  • SRT701 RNA interference induced an increase of histone H3K9 (lysine-9 of H3) acetylation and a decrease of H3K9 dimethylation, leading to H2O2 production, DNA fragmentation, cell death, and lesions mimicking plant hypersensitive responses during incompatible interactions with pathogens, whereas overexpression of SRT701 enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. Transcript microarray analysis revealed that the transcription of many transposons and retrotransposons in addition to genes related to hypersensitive response and/or programmed cell death was activated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that SRT701 down-regulation induced histone H3K9 acetylation on the transposable elements and some of the hypersensitive response-related genes, suggesting that these genes may be among the primary targets of deacetylation regulated by SRT701. Rice SIR2-like gene is required for safeguard against genome instability and cell damage to ensure plant cell growth.[1]
  • SRT702 resides predominantly at the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacts with a small number of protein complexes mainly involved in energy metabolism and metabolite transport.SRT702 is important in fine-tuning mitochondrial energy metabolism.[4]
  • Sir2 silences chromatin, enables DNA repair, and is involved in chromosome fidelity during meiosis (Blander and Guarente 2004). Sir2 promotes longevity by suppressing the formation of toxic extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs) in yeast.[5]
  • The Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog sir-2.1 also extends worm lifespan, but by a distinct mechanism.Sir-2.1 requires the worm forkhead protein DAF-16 for lifespan extension .[6]
  • While earlier models suggested sir-2.1 might function by down-regulating insulin signaling, more recent findings show that sir-2.1 binds to DAF-16, activating it directly. Moreover, sir-2.1 does not respond to changes in insulin signaling, but, rather, is activated by stress treatments, such as heat shock and oxidative damage [7]
1-s2.0-S1367593105001079-gr1.


Proposed functions of yeast Sir2 and of mammalian SIRT1. (a) Yeast Sir2 histone deacetylation and silencing function. Acetyl-CoA-dependent histone acetyltransferases acetylate histones leading to transcriptional activation. The NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sir2 deacetylates histones and creates transcriptional silent chromatin. Nicotinamide is a product of the reaction and is a potent inhibitor of Sir2. OAADPr is a novel metabolite generated during deacetylation and may function in linked cellular pathways. An NAD+ salvage pathway depletes nicotinamide and funnels NAD+ to Sir2. (b) General chemical reaction catalyzed by sirtuins. Human SIRT1 is depicted with several reported acetylated protein targets and the pathways affected.

Expression

  • Several genes were found to have a specific expression pattern. For instance, HDA710 was more expressed in germinating and young seedlings as well as in stamens, whereas HDA703 was highly expressed in calli and in imbibed seeds. HAD714 and HDA706 were found to be mainly expressed in shoots and leaves, whereas HDA716 showed a strong expression in developing endosperm and germinating seeds. The leaf/shoot specificity of HDA714 is consistent with its protein localization in chloroplasts and mitochondria [8] , suggesting that this HDAC may play a role in plant specific functions. Three groups of closely related genes (group 1: HDA705, HDA702, HDA709, HDA710 and HDA711; group 2: HDA704 and HDA713; group 3: HDT701 and HDT702) showed a very similar expression pattern with a relatively high level in developing panicles and calli. However, the expression patterns of the two members of the Sir2-like HDACs, SRT701 and SRT702 were found to be different. The two proteins are likely to have distinct functions, as SRT701 (OsSRT1) is nuclear localized and is shown to be involved in histone H3K9 deacetlyation required for transposon repression in rice[9], whereas SRT702 is recently shown to be localized in the mitochondria. [8]
  • Two genes (HDA703 and HDA710) are induced, while nine others (i.e. HDA701, HDA702, HDA704, HDA705, HDA706, HDA712, HDA714, HDA716, HDT701 and HDT702) are clearly repressed by drought and salt,Two additional genes (HDA709 and SRT702) are induced by drought, but repressed by salt. However, cold treatment seemed to have less impact on rice HDAC gene expression. Abscisic acid (ABA) is the major plant hormone in water stress signaling and regulates water balance and osmotic stress tolerance.[10]
  • SRT701 is a widely expressed nuclear protein with higher levels in rapidly dividing tissues.[3]
  • It has highest levels in active cell dividing organs/tissues. Down-regulation of SRT701 by RNAi induced lesion mimic cell death and precocious senescence, whereas overexpression showed tolerance to oxidative stress. [3]
  • Cell death was induced in OsSRT1 RNAi plants. Cell death in the SRT701 RNAi plants also resembled hypersensitive response-mediated PCD. Either both types of PCD were induced by SRT701 down-regulation, or different triggers of PCD may be interdependent in plants and the downstream effectors of PCD may be shared among different pathways.[3]
  • Western-blot analysis of enriched histone fractions detected a decrease of H3K9 acetylation in overexpression plants (Fig. 6B). The overexpression plants showed no particular visible or morphological phenotype. However, when treated with paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridylium), an herbicide that induces oxidative stresses in plants, the overexpression plants showed an enhanced tolerance compared to the wild type, as demonstrated by fewer and smaller lesions observed on the overexpression plants than the wild type.[1]
small[1]


Expression profiles of OsSRT1. A, Northern hybridization detection of OsSRT1 mRNA in different rice tissues or developmental stages. Actin transcripts were detected as controls. B, Nuclear localization of the OsSRT1-GFP fusion. Top, Onion skin cells transfected with OsSRT1-GFP photographed under a confocal microscope at 488 nm (left) and merged with the transmission image (right). Bottom, GFP alone.

F1.medium.[11]


Neighbor-joining tree of SIR2-related proteins from eukaryotes. Abbreviations are as follows (in parentheses): Arabidopsis (at), Caenorhabditis elegans (ce), Drosophila melanogaster (dm), Homo sapiens (hs), rice (os), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (sc), Schizosaccharomyces pombe (sp), wheat (ta), and maize (zm). Four subclasses are indicated.

F6.small.[1]


Overexpression of OsSRT1 conferred tolerance to paraquat treatment. A, Northern-blot analysis of OsSRT1 overexpression in different transgenic lines compared to the wild type. The 18S ribosomal RNA levels were revealed as controls. B, Western-blot analysis of enriched histone fractions from pooled samples of the overexpression plants with antibodies against acetylated histone H3K9. C, Comparison of overexpression plants with wild-type ones challenged by 10 μM paraquat. D, Comparison of leaves from overexpression and wild type treated with or without 10 μM paraquat.

1-s2.0-S0006291X09015459-gr1.[2]


Expression analysis of the rice HDAC genes. Upper: A hierarchical cluster display of relative expression levels of the rice HDAC genes in 33 samples representing different organs or tissues at different developmental stages of the Minghui 63 cultivar. 1–5: Calli at different induction stages from cultured embryos. 6: Plumule at 48 h after emergence in the dark. 7: Plumule at 48 h after emergence in the light. 8: Radical at 48 h after emergence in the dark. 9: Radical at 48 h after emergence in the light. 10: 72 h imbibed seed. 11: Embryo and radicle after germination. 12: Seedling leaves and roots at three-leaf stage. 13: Shoots of seedlings with two tillers. 14: Roots of seedlings with two tillers. 15: Stem at day 5 before heading. 16: Stems at heading stage. 17: Leaves from plants at young panicle stage 3. 18: Leaves at young panicle stage 7. 19: Flag leaves at day 5 before heading. 20: Flag leaf at day 14 after heading. 21: Sheaths at young panicle stage 3. 22: Sheaths at young panicle stage 7. 23 : Hulls one day before flowering. 24: Stamens one day before flowering. 25: Young panicle at stage 3. 26: Young panicles at stage 4. 27: Young panicles at stage 5. 28: Panicles at stage 7. 29: Panicles at heading stage. 30: Spikelets, 3 days after pollination. 31: Endosperm, 7 days after pollination. 32: Endosperm, 14 days after pollination. 33: Endosperm, 21 days after pollination. Lower: Expression changes of HDAC genes responding to abiotic stresses including drought, salt and cold in seven-day-old light-grown seedlings. Color bar at the base represents log2 expression values: green, representing low expression; black, medium expression; red, high expression.







Evolution

  • Silent information regulator (Sir) proteins regulate lifespan in multiple model organisms. In yeast, an extra copy of the SIR2 gene extends replicative lifespan by 50%, while deleting Sir2 shortens lifespan[12].
  • Plant histone deacetylases (HDAC)can be grouped into four classes. Among them, three have primary homology to three yeast HDAC groups: RDP3, HDA1 and SIR2.During the last years, HDAC function has been most studied in Arabidopsis.[2]
  • The function of SIR2 family HDACs was first been investigated in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis genome encodes two SIR2 family HDACs: SRT1 and SRT2. SRT2 resides predominantly at the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacts with a small number of protein complexes mainly involved in energy metabolism and metabolite transport[3].
  • SRT701(OsSRT1), one of the two SIR2-related genes found in rice, has been studied in Huang et al and proved its' function[1], while SRT702's function has been studied in Arabidopsis.[4]
  • Mechanistically, ADP-ribosylation and deacetylation reactions by sirtuins are similar because they cleave NAD in each reaction cycle.[13]

F1.small.gif
Sirtuin deacetylation and ADP-ribosylation reactions. Both deacetylation and ADP-ribosylation occur via cleavage of NAD to release nicotinamide.

  • Mitochondria are central hubs of energy metabolism in plants and animals. In addition to a fine-tuned mitochondria-to-nuclear signaling that regulates transcription of nuclear gene expression,[14] posttranslational modifications of proteins are thought to be essential for the regulation of central metabolic pathways and thus determine the plasticity of plant metabolism.[15] In mammalian mitochondria, the regulation of metabolic functions by posttranslational Lys acetylation of proteins was recently discovered to be of great importance.[16] Lys acetylation can have a strong impact on the biochemical function of proteins as the transfer of the acetyl group to Lys masks the positive charge, which is known to be important in many catalytic centers of enzymes, as well as for protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. In plants, Lys acetylation was, until recently, mainly thought to occur on histone proteins as regulatory mechanism for transcription and chromatin functions.[17]However, several central metabolic enzymes of diverse subcellular compartments were recently discovered to be Lys acetylated in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and in vitro deacetylation tests confirmed that Lys acetylation affects enzyme activities and protein functions.[18]
  • Generally, protein acetyltransferases and deacetylases are known to catalyze the reversible modification of the εN-group of Lys. In addition to the classical family of histone deacetylases, a second family of protein deacetylases exists, namely the sirtuins, which are conserved across bacteria, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), plants, and animals.[19] Sirtuins catalyze an NAD+-dependent deacetylation of acetyl-Lys in proteins and thereby produce a deacetylated Lys, as well as the metabolites nicotinamide and 2′-O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. Sirtuins have recently emerged as key regulators of life span, cell survival, apoptosis, and metabolism in different heterotrophic organisms.[20]

Labs working on this gene

  • National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070, China (L.H., Q.S., F.Q., C.L., Y.Z.)
  • Department of Quartermaster,Military Economy Academy, Wuhan 430035, China (L.H.)
  • Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Universite´ Paris Sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France (D.-X.Z.)
  • Department I of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
  • Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
  • Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of
  • Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei
  • University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • Institut de biotechnologie des Plantes, Université Paris sud 11, 91405 Orsay, France

References

<references> [1] [2] [3] [4] [11] [8] [9] [10] [12] [5] [6] [7] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]

Structured Information

Gene Name

Os04g0271200

Description

Silent information regulator protein Sir2 family protein

Version

NM_001058879.1 GI:115457487 GeneID:4335343

Length

2712 bp

Definition

Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os04g0271200, complete gene.

Source

Oryza sativa Japonica Group

 ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group
           Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
           Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
           clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
Chromosome

Chromosome 4

Location

Chromosome 4:11382902..11385613

Sequence Coding Region

11382931..11383001,11383087..11383198,11383743..11383761,11384020..11384108,11384528..11384581
,11384732..11384802,11384906..11384987,11385087..11385183,11385304..11385374

Expression

GEO Profiles:Os04g0271200

Genome Context

<gbrowseImage1> name=NC_008397:11382902..11385613 source=RiceChromosome04 preset=GeneLocation </gbrowseImage1>

Gene Structure

<gbrowseImage2> name=NC_008397:11382902..11385613 source=RiceChromosome04 preset=GeneLocation </gbrowseImage2>

Coding Sequence

<cdnaseq>atggcgggcgtcgggtcggcggtgcggcggctctacctctccgtttacaactgggccgtcttcttcggatgggcgcaggtgctgtactacgcggtcacgacgctgctggagagcggccatgaggccgtctacgccgccgtcgagcggccgctgcagttcgcgcagaccgccgccttcttggagattcttcatgggcttgtaggtttggtgaggtctccagtctctgcaactcttccacaaattggatcgaggttgtttcttacctggggcatcctgtggagctttccagagacacattcacatatccttgttacttccttggtcataagctggtccatcactgagatcattagatattccttctttggcatgaaggaggcattcggatttgctccttcctggctcttatggctgaggtatagcacctttatggtattgtatcctactggtatcagcagtgaggtcggtttaatctacattgccttgccttacatgaaggcatcagagaaatactgccttaggatgcccaacaaatggaacttctcctttgatttcttctatgcatccatcctttctctcgccatctacgtgcccggatcgcctcacatgttcacctacatgcttgcccaacggaagaaggcattggcaaaggctaaggctgcataa</cdnaseq>

Protein Sequence

<aaseq>MAGVGSAVRRLYLSVYNWAVFFGWAQVLYYAVTTLLESGHEAVY AAVERPLQFAQTAAFLEILHGLVGLVRSPVSATLPQIGSRLFLTWGILWSFPETHSHI LVTSLVISWSITEIIRYSFFGMKEAFGFAPSWLLWLRYSTFMVLYPTGISSEVGLIYI ALPYMKASEKYCLRMPNKWNFSFDFFYASILSLAIYVPGSPHMFTYMLAQRKKALAKA KAA</aaseq>

Gene Sequence

<dnaseqindica>30..100#186..297#842..860#1119..1207#1627..1680#1831..1901#2005..2086#2186..2282#2403..2473#ccttgttagctactgctgagtgctcggcgatggcgggcgtcgggtcggcggtgcggcggctctacctctccgtttacaactgggccgtcttcttcggatggtactctgccgcctcgcgccaccgcctgctggcgtttggatccttgttttcttggcttgatttgggggtttcttggatcttgcagggcgcaggtgctgtactacgcggtcacgacgctgctggagagcggccatgaggccgtctacgccgccgtcgagcggccgctgcagttcgcgcagaccgccgccttcttggaggtctggtttttctgctattctgtgcgctctgacttatttttgaattttaatcgcagtaaaactgtagattttagcgcaagcttgtataatttgggcagctctgacttaattttgaatttttcgtctacccaattagggttgctggtgttgagcaatggcacagaggaaaaaaatttatccccttttgcgttctaaaaatcaaccaaacatttagcctgagagaaatattaccagtgttatagcaaaatatactgcaattaattcaacttcaatgttattatgtttctgctgcctgatcctctcccccgataattctgctaaaaagaaaagaaaaatttctgctgccctatactttgtgttaaattccttgtagttccctggataaggaagcatttatattctttgcacggagcagctgaacgagtctgcggtgaacacagaatgaacgagtattccatgtttatttcatttctttgcaaattgtgttttgtgaggtactgaacatttttgtgtttgtttggcgatggcgttgctggtggctcagattcttcatgggcttgtaggtaagaagttgttcttctcttctacttatgttattttcactatccttgtcatcatttggaatcgtacggtttctgtctatagcgtgccgcttgcaaactgcatggaaatagactttcttgttagaaagcacgtcaaagacacatttcaatttacaggaagtgtcctgttagattatgaaaataattgtacttaataagttcacttttacggcactttcatttttttcacctgtataacatgctgactttgttttaaaggtttggtgaggtctccagtctctgcaactcttccacaaattggatcgaggttgtttcttacctggggcatcctgtggagctttccagaggtatcatcgactatcactaacaagtgttgatgtgctatgttcatgagatttggaaattttcttctttagttagacacttctcctaagcgcttactgtttctccgagacattgaaacatgacataattttggggtttaaaaccattgtctaaataggaaatatggattatatgatttgatttttatatgaggacaggacactaggtagtttgtctgttttatatctggttgtggatcaagtaaataatggtgatgattgtacaagttactaaatggcataactactggtactgatatgcaaatgcagtgcctttacttttgcatccctagttttctgttagttgcatacttgtagtgtagcttaacacctggtttcttgacatatatattgattgacccctttgtacatttgtcttgcagacacattcacatatccttgttacttccttggtcataagctggtccatcactgaggtatattttaaagacttgcttcttaaagagacactgtattttccaaattctaattttgatttttcctgtgctaagcttattcacaccaatatttaaaatattgtgaatttgatagcataacgtgatggaaatatttgtggttccttgcagatcattagatattccttctttggcatgaaggaggcattcggatttgctccttcctggctcttatggctgaggttagtaaagaagatatatcattatttaggacaaatttagagggaatgattttctttttctttcataactttttttcttaaacctggtgctgattttgtacaggtatagcacctttatggtattgtatcctactggtatcagcagtgaggtcggtttaatctacattgccttgccttacatgaaggtaacaagaatgaacttcagaaatgaagatctccacgttgttcattgcataatgcataatgcgtaatttaactgctcctttcttgtgactactatgcaggcatcagagaaatactgccttaggatgcccaacaaatggaacttctcctttgatttcttctatgcatccatcctttctctcgccatctacgtgcccggtatcccctcctgccttgcagtcatcctttattcagtggttgaaattaaaactagaattgcaatgttgttttttagtagctgggattaagataggatctgacaagaacactgcgttgcaggatcgcctcacatgttcacctacatgcttgcccaacggaagaaggcattggcaaaggctaaggctgcataatggtgatgctcaagagctttcttgaatttttcatgtgtggcttaaggatctgcctaaatagctcatatttgctactcttttagtacaagtctgtagatgaggaaatgttggaaagaactactatcttaatcccagcatttgttgtaactgtagtaactgcccatcatttgttgtaactgtagtcttctaccaagaattgtatgatattttacctggttaaattattgaatgattgatcc</dnaseqindica>

External Link(s)

NCBI Gene:Os04g0271200, RefSeq:Os04g0271200

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Huang, L., et al., Down-regulation of a SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR2-related histone deacetylase gene, OsSRT1, induces DNA fragmentation and cell death in rice. Plant Physiol, 2007. 144(3): p. 1508-19.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hu, Y., et al., Rice histone deacetylase genes display specific expression patterns and developmental functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2009. 388(2): p. 266-71.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Liu, X., et al., Transcriptional repression by histone deacetylases in plants. Mol Plant, 2014. 7(5): p. 764-72.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Konig, A.C., et al., The Arabidopsis Class II Sirtuin Is a Lysine Deacetylase and Interacts with Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism. Plant Physiology, 2014. 164(3): p. 1401-1414.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Sinclair, D.A., Guarente, L.(1997) Extrachromosomal rDNA circles—A cause of aging in yeast. Cell 91:1033–1042.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Tissenbaum, H.A., Guarente, L.(2001) Increased dosage of a sir-2 gene extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans Nature 410:227–230.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Berdichevsky, A., Viswanathan, M., Horvitz, H.R., Guarente, L.(2006) C. elegans SIR-2.1 interacts with 14–3–3 proteins to activate DAF-16 and extend life span. Cell 125:1165–1177.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 P.J. Chung, Y.S. Kim, S.H. Park, B.H. Nahm, J.K. Kim Subcellular localization of rice histone deacetylases in organelles FEBS Lett., 583 (2009), pp. 2249–2254
  9. 9.0 9.1 L. Huang, Q. Sun, F. Qin, C. Li, Y. Zhao, D.X. Zhou Down-regulation of a SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR2-related histone deacetylase gene, OsSRT1, induces DNA fragmentation and cell death in rice Plant Physiol., 144 (2007), pp. 1508–1519
  10. 10.0 10.1 L. Xiong, K.S. Schumaker, J.K. Zhu Cell signaling during cold, drought, and salt stress Plant Cell, 14 (Suppl.) (2002), pp. S165–S183
  11. 11.0 11.1 Pandey R, Muller A, Napoli CA, Selinger DA, Pikaard CS, Richards EJ, Bender J, Mount DW, Jorgensen RA (2002) Analysis of histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase families of Arabidopsis thaliana suggests functional diversification of chromatin modification among multicellular eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 5036–5055
  12. 12.0 12.1 Haigis M.C., Guarente L.P. (2006). Mammalian sirtuins: emerging roles in physiology, aging, and calorie restriction. Genes Dev. 20, 2913–2921.
  13. 13.0 13.1 Grubisha, O., Smith, B.C., Denu, J.M.(2005) Small molecule regulation of Sir2 protein deacetylases. FEBS J. 272:4607–4616.
  14. 14.0 14.1 Rhoads DM, Subbaiah CC (2007) Mitochondrial retrograde regulation in plants. Mitochondrion 7: 177–194
  15. 15.0 15.1 Hartl M, Finkemeier I (2012) Plant mitochondrial retrograde signaling: post-translational modifications enter the stage. Front Plant Sci 3: 253
  16. 16.0 16.1 Newman JC, He W, Verdin E (2012) Mitochondrial protein acylation and intermediary metabolism: regulation by sirtuins and implications for metabolic disease. J Biol Chem 287: 42436–42443
  17. 17.0 17.1 Hollender C, Liu Z (2008) Histone deacetylase genes in Arabidopsis development. J Integr Plant Biol 50: 875–885
  18. 18.0 18.1 Finkemeier I, Laxa M, Miguet L, Howden AJ, Sweetlove LJ (2011) Proteins of diverse function and subcellular location are lysine acetylated in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 155: 1779–1790
  19. 19.0 19.1 Hollender C, Liu Z (2008) Histone deacetylase genes in Arabidopsis development. J Integr Plant Biol 50: 875–885
  20. 20.0 20.1 Sauve AA (2010) Sirtuins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1804: 1565–1566